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Rain clouds over green plains and a dirt track in the Masai Mara, Kenya.

Hali ya hewaRain and temperature, seven places

Masai Mara weather by month

Masai Mara weather changes little in temperature and a lot in rain. At Keekorok, in the south-east of the reserve in Masai Mara, Kenya, the mean daily high runs 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F) over the year and the mean daily low 13 to 16 °C. The rain is what moves: a monthly mean of 35 mm in July against 160 mm in April, with rain on 3 days in an average July and 10 days in April. Of seven places across the Mara, Mara North Conservancy gets the most in a year and Naboisho Conservancy the least.

Photo: Wajahat Mahmood / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0

Some links on this page are affiliate links: the guide earns a commission when you book through them. The partner sets the price; the guide adds no fee.

All figures here are 30-year means for 1991 to 2020, so any one year can sit well off them; the range beside each mean shows how far. Rain comes from CHIRPS, a satellite estimate calibrated with rain gauges on a fine grid (Climate Hazards Center). Temperature comes from NASA POWER, a reanalysis: a weather model run over past observations, on a grid cell about 50 km (31 mi) wide (NASA POWER). Neither is a weather station at a camp. Which month suits your trip, with the herds and the fees, is on the best time to visit the Masai Mara; this page gives the weather behind it.

Once you know your month, a three-day group joining safari to the Masai Mara in a Land Cruiser jeep is one way to go; check whether its price includes the reserve fee for that month.

MweziChoose a place, then a month

Rain and temperature, month by month

Pick one of seven places for its year: the bar is the mean rain for each month, the whisker the range the monthly total fell in for 8 years in 10, and at Keekorok and Mara North the two lines are the mean daily high and low. The table under the chart has every value, including the share of days with less than 1 mm of rain.

Below it, choose a month to set the seven places side by side. The places run from the Mara Triangle in the west to the conservancies in the east; the map in the next section shows where each one lies.

  • Mean monthly rain
  • Range in 8 years of 10
  • Mean daily high
  • Mean daily low
Mara Serena (Mara Triangle) 1,055 mm a year, 875 to 1,240 mm in 8 years of 10
Rain by month at Mara Serena (Mara Triangle) Bars: mean rain; whiskers: 8 years in 10. Values in the table below. 80 mm75 mm130 mm155 mm95 mm70 mm30 mm85 mm55 mm50 mm110 mm115 mm
Mara Serena (Mara Triangle), month by monthRain: satellite and gauge estimate, 1991 to 2020. No temperature series for this point.
MonthMean rain8 years in 10Rain daysDays under 1 mm
January 80 mm 25 to 140 mm 9 days 71%
February 75 mm 40 to 130 mm 8 days 71%
March 130 mm 80 to 190 mm 12 days 63%
April 155 mm 90 to 260 mm 13 days 57%
May 95 mm 60 to 135 mm 8 days 73%
June 70 mm 35 to 115 mm 5 days 83%
July 30 mm 15 to 45 mm 4 days 89%
August 85 mm 50 to 135 mm 5 days 83%
September 55 mm 25 to 90 mm 7 days 77%
October 50 mm 25 to 75 mm 9 days 72%
November 110 mm 60 to 175 mm 12 days 61%
December 115 mm 55 to 185 mm 10 days 69%
Musiara 1,055 mm a year, 870 to 1,245 mm in 8 years of 10
Rain by month at Musiara Bars: mean rain; whiskers: 8 years in 10. Values in the table below. 80 mm75 mm135 mm150 mm95 mm75 mm35 mm80 mm60 mm55 mm95 mm120 mm
Musiara, month by monthRain: satellite and gauge estimate, 1991 to 2020. No temperature series for this point.
MonthMean rain8 years in 10Rain daysDays under 1 mm
January 80 mm 25 to 150 mm 9 days 70%
February 75 mm 40 to 130 mm 8 days 72%
March 135 mm 85 to 210 mm 12 days 63%
April 150 mm 80 to 245 mm 13 days 58%
May 95 mm 60 to 130 mm 8 days 74%
June 75 mm 45 to 125 mm 5 days 83%
July 35 mm 20 to 55 mm 3 days 89%
August 80 mm 50 to 120 mm 5 days 84%
September 60 mm 25 to 95 mm 7 days 78%
October 55 mm 25 to 80 mm 8 days 73%
November 95 mm 55 to 135 mm 11 days 64%
December 120 mm 60 to 210 mm 9 days 70%
Mara North Conservancy 1,070 mm a year, 865 to 1,245 mm in 8 years of 10
Rain and temperature by month at Mara North Conservancy Bars: mean rain; whiskers: 8 years in 10; lines: daily high and low. Values in the table below. 80 mm75 mm140 mm160 mm95 mm75 mm35 mm80 mm60 mm45 mm100 mm120 mm
Mara North Conservancy, month by monthRain: satellite and gauge estimate, 1991 to 2020. Temperature: reanalysis, 1991 to 2020.
MonthMean rain8 years in 10Rain daysDays under 1 mmDaily highDaily low
January 80 mm 20 to 150 mm 9 days 70% 27 °C (81 °F)14 °C (57 °F)
February 75 mm 40 to 135 mm 8 days 72% 28 °C14 °C
March 140 mm 85 to 215 mm 11 days 64% 28 °C15 °C
April 160 mm 85 to 275 mm 13 days 58% 26 °C15 °C
May 95 mm 55 to 130 mm 8 days 74% 24 °C14 °C
June 75 mm 40 to 105 mm 6 days 81% 23 °C13 °C
July 35 mm 20 to 50 mm 4 days 89% 24 °C12 °C
August 80 mm 50 to 125 mm 5 days 83% 25 °C13 °C
September 60 mm 25 to 95 mm 6 days 79% 26 °C13 °C
October 45 mm 25 to 70 mm 8 days 74% 27 °C14 °C
November 100 mm 65 to 145 mm 11 days 64% 26 °C14 °C
December 120 mm 60 to 195 mm 9 days 72% 26 °C14 °C
Talek Gate 880 mm a year, 720 to 1,090 mm in 8 years of 10
Rain by month at Talek Gate Bars: mean rain; whiskers: 8 years in 10. Values in the table below. 75 mm65 mm125 mm140 mm70 mm55 mm35 mm60 mm45 mm30 mm80 mm105 mm
Talek Gate, month by monthRain: satellite and gauge estimate, 1991 to 2020. No temperature series for this point.
MonthMean rain8 years in 10Rain daysDays under 1 mm
January 75 mm 20 to 125 mm 7 days 78%
February 65 mm 40 to 110 mm 7 days 76%
March 125 mm 60 to 190 mm 9 days 71%
April 140 mm 80 to 240 mm 10 days 68%
May 70 mm 40 to 100 mm 6 days 80%
June 55 mm 30 to 105 mm 4 days 86%
July 35 mm 20 to 45 mm 3 days 90%
August 60 mm 30 to 95 mm 4 days 87%
September 45 mm 20 to 70 mm 4 days 86%
October 30 mm 15 to 45 mm 6 days 82%
November 80 mm 45 to 125 mm 9 days 71%
December 105 mm 40 to 195 mm 7 days 78%
Keekorok 955 mm a year, 795 to 1,165 mm in 8 years of 10
Rain and temperature by month at Keekorok Bars: mean rain; whiskers: 8 years in 10; lines: daily high and low. Values in the table below. 75 mm70 mm125 mm160 mm80 mm65 mm35 mm60 mm45 mm45 mm95 mm105 mm
Keekorok, month by monthRain: satellite and gauge estimate, 1991 to 2020. Temperature: reanalysis, 1991 to 2020.
MonthMean rain8 years in 10Rain daysDays under 1 mmDaily highDaily low
January 75 mm 25 to 120 mm 7 days 77% 28 °C (82 °F)15 °C (59 °F)
February 70 mm 40 to 115 mm 7 days 76% 30 °C15 °C
March 125 mm 70 to 180 mm 10 days 68% 29 °C16 °C
April 160 mm 85 to 290 mm 10 days 68% 27 °C15 °C
May 80 mm 45 to 120 mm 6 days 79% 25 °C15 °C
June 65 mm 35 to 105 mm 5 days 85% 26 °C14 °C
July 35 mm 20 to 55 mm 3 days 89% 27 °C13 °C
August 60 mm 35 to 95 mm 4 days 88% 28 °C14 °C
September 45 mm 20 to 70 mm 4 days 86% 29 °C14 °C
October 45 mm 20 to 70 mm 6 days 82% 30 °C15 °C
November 95 mm 55 to 140 mm 8 days 73% 28 °C15 °C
December 105 mm 45 to 210 mm 7 days 78% 28 °C15 °C
Sekenani Gate 905 mm a year, 745 to 1,120 mm in 8 years of 10
Rain by month at Sekenani Gate Bars: mean rain; whiskers: 8 years in 10. Values in the table below. 75 mm70 mm115 mm160 mm70 mm60 mm35 mm50 mm45 mm35 mm85 mm105 mm
Sekenani Gate, month by monthRain: satellite and gauge estimate, 1991 to 2020. No temperature series for this point.
MonthMean rain8 years in 10Rain daysDays under 1 mm
January 75 mm 30 to 125 mm 7 days 79%
February 70 mm 35 to 115 mm 6 days 78%
March 115 mm 70 to 185 mm 8 days 74%
April 160 mm 75 to 275 mm 9 days 71%
May 70 mm 35 to 110 mm 5 days 83%
June 60 mm 30 to 95 mm 4 days 86%
July 35 mm 15 to 50 mm 3 days 91%
August 50 mm 25 to 85 mm 3 days 90%
September 45 mm 20 to 65 mm 4 days 88%
October 35 mm 15 to 55 mm 5 days 85%
November 85 mm 50 to 135 mm 7 days 78%
December 105 mm 45 to 220 mm 6 days 82%
Naboisho Conservancy 815 mm a year, 660 to 1,000 mm in 8 years of 10
Rain by month at Naboisho Conservancy Bars: mean rain; whiskers: 8 years in 10. Values in the table below. 70 mm65 mm110 mm145 mm65 mm55 mm30 mm45 mm35 mm25 mm75 mm100 mm
Naboisho Conservancy, month by monthRain: satellite and gauge estimate, 1991 to 2020. No temperature series for this point.
MonthMean rain8 years in 10Rain daysDays under 1 mm
January 70 mm 20 to 125 mm 7 days 79%
February 65 mm 30 to 105 mm 6 days 78%
March 110 mm 65 to 175 mm 8 days 74%
April 145 mm 70 to 255 mm 8 days 73%
May 65 mm 30 to 100 mm 6 days 82%
June 55 mm 25 to 90 mm 4 days 87%
July 30 mm 15 to 40 mm 3 days 92%
August 45 mm 25 to 70 mm 3 days 90%
September 35 mm 15 to 60 mm 3 days 89%
October 25 mm 10 to 40 mm 5 days 85%
November 75 mm 45 to 120 mm 7 days 78%
December 100 mm 35 to 170 mm 6 days 82%

MsimuReserve fee seasons, Narok County

1 January to 30 JuneLow seasonUSD 100 per non-resident adult
1 July to 31 DecemberHigh seasonUSD 200 per non-resident adult

The fee season is not the rain season. The low season holds the long rains and the wettest month at Keekorok, April; the driest month there, July, falls in the high season. Each fee is per person for a day ticket valid 6:00 to 18:00, whatever time you enter.

One month, seven places

In April, west to east. The wettest of the seven: Mara North Conservancy, Keekorok and Sekenani Gate. The driest: Talek Gate. The other pages of this guide quote Keekorok.

  1. Mara Serena (Mara Triangle)Mara Triangle 155 mm 90 to 260 mm in 8 years of 10 13 days with rain
  2. Musiarareserve, Narok side 150 mm 80 to 245 mm in 8 years of 10 13 days with rain
  3. Mara North Conservancyconservancy 160 mm 85 to 275 mm in 8 years of 10 13 days with rain
  4. Talek Gatereserve gate, Narok side 140 mm 80 to 240 mm in 8 years of 10 10 days with rain
  5. Keekorokreserve, Narok side 160 mm 85 to 290 mm in 8 years of 10 10 days with rain
  6. Sekenani Gatereserve gate, Narok side 160 mm 75 to 275 mm in 8 years of 10 9 days with rain
  7. Naboisho Conservancyconservancy 145 mm 70 to 255 mm in 8 years of 10 8 days with rain

Rain: satellite and gauge rainfall estimate on a 0.05 degree grid (CHIRPS v2.0, UCSB Climate Hazards Center), 1991 to 2020, not a rain gauge at the place. A rain day has 1 mm or more. Temperature: NASA POWER daily data (MERRA-2 reanalysis, a grid cell about 50 km (31 mi) wide), 1991 to 2020, for Keekorok and Mara North only. Bars and whiskers share one scale on every place.

RamaniSeven places, one record

Where it rains more in the Masai Mara

The north and west of the Mara get more rain than the south and east. In the 30-year satellite record, Mara North Conservancy has a mean of 1,070 mm a year, Musiara 1,055 mm and Mara Serena in the Triangle 1,055 mm. Keekorok, in the south-east of the reserve, has 955 mm, Talek Gate 880 mm, Sekenani Gate 905 mm and Naboisho Conservancy in the east 815 mm.

Kenya's 2010 UNESCO tentative-list entry describes the same slope in round numbers: about 800 mm a year in the drier east to about 1,200 mm a year in the wetter west (UNESCO). The entry gives the general picture; the seven points give the mean at each place.

Single years swing widely. At Keekorok the yearly total ranged from 795 to 1,165 mm in 8 years of 10; at Mara Serena from 875 to 1,240 mm. The Mara Conservancy, which runs the Triangle, reports its own rain total of 1,111.87 mm for 2023 (monthly report): one year, inside that range.

Across the border, Tanzania National Parks gives the Serengeti in Tanzania an annual average of 900 to 1,000 mm, with a rain season from November to April (TANAPA brochure). The same satellite record has a mean of 830 mm at Seronera. The two parks side by side: Masai Mara vs Serengeti.

The gap matters most where you sleep. The wetter north and west hold the Mara Triangle and Mara North; the drier east holds Naboisho and its neighbors. Bases by area: where to stay in the Masai Mara.

The seven rain points in the Masai Mara A map of the Maasai Mara National Reserve with the Mara Triangle west of the Mara River and the Mara North and Naboisho conservancies, with seven points labelled with their mean yearly rain. Larger circles mark more rain. Mara Triangle Narok side Mara Serena (Mara Triangle) 1,055 mm Musiara 1,055 mm Mara North Conservancy 1,070 mm Talek Gate 880 mm Keekorok 955 mm Sekenani Gate 905 mm Naboisho Conservancy 815 mm 10 km (6.2 mi) N ↑
Mean yearly rain, 1991 to 2020, satellite and gauge estimate; the scale bar is in a straight line. Outlines and river © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL).
Storm or rain over the plains

Photo: Markrosenrosen / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

MvuaStorm over the plains

Two rainy seasons, one dry stretch.

MvuaThe long rains and the short rains

The long rains and the short rains

The Mara has two rainy seasons. Kenya's 2023 UNESCO tentative-list entry describes long rains of about six to eight weeks in April and May and short rains of about four weeks in November and December (UNESCO). A study of Mara cheetahs by Broekhuis and Gopalaswamy (2016) draws the seasons wider: a wet season from November to June, with short rains in November and December and long rains from March to June, and a dry season from July to October (PLOS ONE).

The 30-year record sits between the two descriptions. At Keekorok the wettest month is April, with a mean of 160 mm; March has 125 mm and May falls back to 80 mm. The driest month at Keekorok is July, at 35 mm. In the east the low point comes later: at Naboisho the driest month is October, with 25 mm.

How many days it rains

A wet month is not wet every day. Even in April, Keekorok has rain (1 mm or more) on 10 days in an average year, and 68% of April days stay under that mark. In July it rains on 3 days, and 89% of days stay under it. The wetter west has more rain days: Mara Serena in the Triangle has 13 days in April.

The short rains swing most from year to year. In November, Keekorok's total ranged from 55 to 140 mm in 8 years of 10, and in December from 45 to 210 mm. Plan a November or December trip for some wet days without knowing how many.

A lone acacia at dawn under a grey, rain-heavy sky
A lone acacia at dawn during the long rains. Even in April most days stay under 1 mm of rain at Keekorok.Photo: Kandukuru Nagarjun / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0
Zebra and wildebeest grazing together on green grass
Zebra and wildebeest grazing in December 2018, the second month of the short rains.Photo: Michelle Juma / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

JuaDays and nights

Warm days, cold mornings

25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F)Keekorok, mean daily high

13 to 16 °C (55 to 61 °F)Keekorok, mean daily low

23 to 28 °CMara North, mean daily high

12 to 15 °CMara North, mean daily low

The Mara sits close to the equator and high up. Broekhuis (2018) puts the study landscape of reserve and conservancies at about 1,700 m (5,577 ft) (Ecology and Evolution), a figure for the area, not for one camp. The height keeps the heat moderate and the nights cool, and the season changes them only a little.

At Keekorok the warmest afternoons come in February and October, with a mean daily high of 30 °C. At Mara North the mean daily high is 24 °C in July. The monthly figures for both places are in the table under the chart.

UsikuIs it cold at night?

Cold at night and on early drives

Nights are cool all year. The mean daily low at Keekorok is lowest in July, at 13 °C; at Mara North in July, at 12 °C. Morning game drives start early, since a reserve ticket is valid from 6:00 to 18:00 (the entrance fee page explains the ticket window), and an open vehicle adds the wind of driving to the cool air.

These are grid means for a cell about 50 km wide, not readings at a camp. Temperature figures here cover Keekorok and Mara North only.

An acacia silhouetted against an orange evening sky
Evening on the plains. After sunset the air cools toward a mean low of 13 to 16 °C at Keekorok.Photo: Daniel Case / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0

Hali ya hewaWhat the figures mean for your bag

What to pack for rain and cold mornings

The full clothing list, colors and luggage: what to wear on safari in Kenya.

  • A warm layer for the mornings

    With mean lows of 13 to 16 °C at Keekorok and 12 to 15 °C at Mara North, a fleece or light down jacket earns its place in every month, peeled off by mid-morning. A hat and thin gloves help on drives that start at 6:00.

  • A rain shell in the wet months

    From March to May and in November and December, rain falls on more days; at Keekorok on 10 days in April and 8 days in November. A light waterproof jacket that packs small covers it. In July it rains on 3 days in an average year.

  • Sun cover for the afternoons

    Mean highs of 25 to 30 °C at Keekorok, under an equatorial sun, call for a brimmed hat, sunglasses and long sleeves in thin fabric. The temperature swing between dawn and mid-afternoon is the reason to dress in layers.

BarabaraTracks, bridges and the rain

Roads and rivers after rain

Rain changes the roads more than the days. The US Department of State's Kenya travel information, dated 30 July 2026, says some unpaved roads are impassable in the rainy seasons, even for high-clearance four-wheel-drive vehicles, and advises against driving between cities at night (travel.state.gov). Times and the ways in from Nairobi are on Nairobi to Masai Mara.

Rivers rise with the rain, and bridges have gone with them. Narok County reported in November 2024 that the Mara Simba Bridge between Sekenani and Talek had been swept away by El Nino rains the year before (Narok County). In July 2024 the county commissioned the repaired Mara Bridge, damaged by the 2024 rains, which connects the reserve with the Mara Triangle side (Narok County). If you plan to cross between the Triangle and the Narok side in a wet month, ask your camp or driver which crossing is open that week.

For its own parks, the Kenya Wildlife Service says most park roads may need four-wheel drive in the long rains of April to June (KWS FAQ). That statement covers parks such as Amboseli and Lake Nakuru, not the Mara, which Narok County and the Mara Conservancy run. On a longer route, a Kenya safari itinerary lays out the drives between parks, and the Masai Mara itinerary the days inside the Mara.

Flying in avoids the long road; the airstrips and the schedules are on flights from Nairobi to the Masai Mara. What a wet-season trip costs against a dry-season one, with the lower park fee from January to June, is on Masai Mara safari cost.

A dirt track running across open grass plains
A dirt track across the plains: the kind of road the rain turns to mud.Photo: Daniel Case / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0
Hippos resting on a sandbar in a brown river
Hippos on a sandbar of the Mara River, the river the reserve's bridges cross.Photo: Nina R / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0

MaswaliWeather questions

Masai Mara weather: questions

Herds by month: the Masai Mara migration. Where the Mara lies: where is the Masai Mara. All Masai Mara pages.

When should you avoid the Masai Mara?

No month is closed by weather, but the rain peaks in the long rains. At Keekorok the wettest month is April, with a mean of 160 mm and rain on 10 days. Unpaved roads can become impassable in the rainy seasons, as the US Department of State's Kenya travel information notes. The month choice with herds and fees: best time to visit.

Is now a good time to visit the Masai Mara?

Set the month chooser in the chart above to this month: it shows the mean rain, the range in 8 years of 10 and the rain days for seven places. Temperature changes little; the mean daily high at Keekorok runs 25 to 30 °C across the year. For the herds and the fee season in your month, use best time to visit the Masai Mara.

Is the Masai Mara cold at night?

Cool rather than cold. The mean daily low is 13 to 16 °C at Keekorok and 12 to 15 °C at Mara North across the year, lowest in July at Keekorok. The landscape lies at about 1,700 m. Bring a warm layer for nights and early drives in an open vehicle.

Which part of the Masai Mara gets the most rain?

The north and west. Of seven places in the 30-year satellite record, Mara North Conservancy has the highest yearly mean, 1,070 mm, and Naboisho Conservancy in the east the lowest, 815 mm. Mara Serena in the Mara Triangle has 1,055 mm. Any single year can sit far from these means.

Does it rain every day in the rainy season?

No. Even in April, the wettest month, Keekorok has rain (1 mm or more) on 10 days in an average year, and 68% of April days stay under that mark. In November it rains on 8 days. The wetter west has more rain days: Mara Serena in the Triangle has 13 days in April.

Sources

  1. Kenya's 2023 UNESCO tentative-list entry describes the long rains as about six to eight weeks in April and May and the short rains as about four weeks in November and December, with the Sand, Talek and Mara the reserve's main rivers. UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Tentative Lists, Maasai Mara Game Reserve (Ref. 6679), 2023-06-30.
  2. Kenya's 2010 UNESCO tentative-list entry gives a rainfall gradient across the Maasai Mara from about 800 mm a year in the drier east to about 1,200 mm a year in the wetter west. UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Tentative Lists, The African Great Rift Valley - The Maasai Mara (Ref. 5512), 2010-02-12.
  3. The Mara Conservancy reports its own rainfall totals for the Mara Triangle: 1,111.87 mm in 2023; over 900 mm by the end of August 2022 and nearly 1,000 mm by the end of September 2022 (that September's 67 mm measured at Serena); 1,026.5 mm by the end of September 2025; the reports do not name the gauge every time. Mara Conservancy: monthly report January 2024.
  4. Broekhuis 2018 locates the Maasai Mara study landscape at about 1°S, 35°E, elevation c. 1,700 m (approx. 2,600 km2 of reserve and conservancies). Broekhuis 2018, Ecology and Evolution 8: Natural and anthropogenic drivers of cub recruitment in a large carnivore (open-access full text on PubMed Central).
  5. Kenya Wildlife Service FAQ names two tourist seasons: high season July-December and December-March; low season April-June with long rains, when most park roads may need 4-wheel drive. Kenya Wildlife Service: FAQs, 2026-02-22.
  6. Keekorok, Maasai Mara National Reserve, satellite and gauge rainfall estimate 1991 to 2020: mean rainfall in January: 76 mm. CHIRPS v2.0 daily rainfall (UCSB Climate Hazards Center), 0.05 degree grid, 1991 to 2020, through NASA SERVIR ClimateSERV; own monthly statistics, 2026-11-12.
  7. Broekhuis & Gopalaswamy 2016 describe the Mara climate as bimodal: wet season November to June (short rains November-December, long rains March-June), dry season July to October; generally the migration reaches the northern Serengeti in July, spends August, September and October in the Maasai Mara and returns to Tanzania in November. Broekhuis & Gopalaswamy 2016, PLOS ONE 11(5) e0153875: Counting Cats: Spatially Explicit Population Estimates of Cheetah, 2016-05-02.
  8. The Mara Conservancy / KAPS ticket rate card, co-branded with Narok County Government, charges a non-resident adult the same park fee whether accommodated inside or outside the park: USD 200 per person per day from July to December. Mara Conservancy / KAPS: Park Fees Itemization rate card (Nature Paas ticket portal).
  9. The same co-branded rate card charges a non-resident adult USD 100 per person per day from January to June, whether accommodated inside or outside the park; non-resident children aged 9 to 17 and students in organized groups pay USD 50 per person per day in both blocks. Mara Conservancy / KAPS: Park Fees Itemization rate card (Nature Paas ticket portal).
  10. The Mara Conservancy ticket portal states that day tickets are valid 12 hours (6:00 to 18:00) and expire automatically at 6:00 pm, whatever time they are bought. Mara Conservancy / KAPS: Nature Paas ticket portal, 'Know Before You Go'.
  11. The Narok County Finance Act 2023 defines the Maasai Mara high season as 1 July to 31 December and the low season as 1 January to 30 June. Narok County Finance Act, 2023 (No. 3 of 2023), First Schedule: Maasai Mara National Reserve park fees and charges, 2023-10-13.
  12. Narok County: the Mara Bridge, repaired after 2024 rain damage, connects the Maasai Mara National Reserve with the Mara Triangle side (commissioned July 2024). Narok County Government: Three Water Projects and a Bridge Commissioned in Mara and Siana Wards, 2024-07-30.
  13. Narok County: the Mara Simba Bridge, which connects Sekenani and Talek across the Mara River, had been swept away by El Nino rains the year before (reported November 2024). Narok County Government: Siana Ward Development Tour, 2024-11-04.
  14. The US Department of State advises avoiding driving between cities at night (poor roads and lighting, banditry), notes traffic drives on the left, and says some unpaved roads are impassable in the rainy seasons even for high-clearance 4x4s. US Department of State: Kenya Travel Advisory and travel guidance, 2026-07-30.
  15. Tanzania National Parks: Serengeti's rain season runs November to April and dry season May to October; annual average rainfall 900 to 1,000 mm. Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA): Serengeti National Park Brochure - English (PDF, text read by OCR), 2025-07-22.
  16. Climate 1991 to 2020. Rain: CHIRPS v2.0 daily rainfall, UCSB Climate Hazards Center, 1991 to 2020 (satellite and gauge grid); temperature: NASA POWER daily point data (MERRA-2 reanalysis), 1991 to 2020; monthly means and the 8-of-10-years range computed from the daily series
  17. Unit conversions. Metric figures with US equivalents (1 km = 0.621371 mi, 1 m = 3.28084 ft, 1 kg = 2.20462 lb, 1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 acre = 0.404686 ha, °F = °C × 9/5 + 32)